Why we need more Indigenous editors

Publishing needs more Indigenous editors, but cannot rely solely on its Indigenous workforce to ensure it catches up on effective practices in relation to Indigenous writers and writing, writes Sandra Phillips.

Eddie Koiki Mabo and others made the High Court of Australia recognise in 1992 that terra nullius—nobody’s land—was a fiction. It is taking us longer to kill off its lesser-known cousin, vox nullius. Vox can mean sound, word or voice; ideas of us—us being Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples—having no voice are part of an enduring colonial imaginary.

Bwgcolman midwife and nurse researcher Dr Lynore K Geia has referred to us being ‘bound in a place of vox nullius’—the phraseology is significant. It says as Indigenous peoples we have our voices, but the place of our contemporary existence—Australia—is not hearing or listening.

There have been excellent recent public contributions to maturing Australian publishing. Bridget Caldwell-Bright frames her advocacy for more Indigenous publishing professionals within conversations about diversity. She argues employment is ‘the only concrete way to ensure that Indigenous expression can exist without having to rely on the cross-cultural editorial relationship’.

Caldwell-Bright has a strong point: fewer than 1% of Australian publishing professionals identified as First Nations in the 2022 Australian Publishing Industry Workforce Survey on Diversity and Inclusion. As a former publisher’s editor who trained and worked at Magabala Books and University of Queensland Press in the 1990s—and who later managed Aboriginal Studies Press in the 2000s—I too advocate for more publishing career opportunities for us Mobs.

But the publishing industry cannot rely solely on its Indigenous workforce to ensure it catches up on effective practices in relation to Indigenous writers and writing. The industry’s culture needs to change to effect sustainable, meaningful and continuous improvement.

Wuthathi/Meriam woman Terri Janke, an international authority on Indigenous cultural and intellectual property, is known for innovating pathways between the non-Indigenous business sector and Indigenous people in business. She has developed protocols for the Australia Council, Screen Australia, the City of Sydney and LendLease, among others.

Her groundbreaking legal and scholarly work on Indigenous cultural and intellectual property rights, epitomised in her 2021 book True Tracks, can continue to be a lighthouse for industries—such as book publishing—that commercialise Indigenous cultures. Respect for these rights and sharing benefits with Indigenous creators are the touchstones of that still-pending future.

Culture incubates literature. A broader national culture in contest with itself can never fully settle the terms of its preferred cultural expression. I often hear critique based on what does or doesn’t contain literary merit as a convenient alibi for what the critic does not feel comfortable with.

Improving our national literature with Indigenous voice could be a mutually beneficial goal if we keep maturing our publishing workforce to not ‘gubberise’ our text—a demand voiced by the late Ruby Langford-Ginibi. ‘Gubberise’ is vernacular from the word ‘gubba’, which some say is short for ‘government’—which translates in vernacular as white people.

I am Wakka Wakka and Gooreng Gooreng. I was raised in the North Burnett region of rural Queensland on the Country of my ancestors, the Wakka Wakka. I chose academia as a third career after policy research, then publishing. I have taught editing and publishing studies, as well as literary studies.

In all the mainstream curriculum I have convened as an academic, I have renovated teaching methods with critical Indigenous knowledges, perspectives and resources. Nevertheless, communicating the many specific Indigenous editing issues to a mainstream (albeit mixed) audience is not a simple task—primarily because there is no single style guide that can be adopted for all manuscripts and all authors.

The impulse towards a ‘How To’ guide is understandable, but wrong. Australia is a continent of hundreds of First Nations. There are stark differences here of language, history and culture—and there are nuanced issues of voice, creativity and representation.

Editing any writing for publication is an act of cultural mediation. It requires heavy doses of diplomacy to elicit the best from writers, combined with a hard-nosed pragmatism to get books to market on time. What constitutes ‘best’ in this journey is a value judgement—and value judgements derive from culture.

As you will learn in any editing apprenticeship or publishing studies coursework, there are three primary types of editing. The first is structural editing—what arrangement best suits this story? The second is copy editing—is this written well, do paragraphs and phrases jar, or do they draw the reader in and keep them on their reading journey? And finally, line editing—are sentences scanning well, are typographical errors eliminated?

These are technical skills that can be taught. But fostering cultural intelligence is a broader project.

Advice for non-Indigenous editors

Even if we gained population parity of Indigenous professionals in the publishing industry, 96.8% of the industry would still not be us. This perhaps explains why conversations about editing of Indigenous literature are most often directed at how to improve the professionalism of non-Indigenous editors.

In same vein, I offer the following suggestions to non-Indigenous editors new to Indigenous cultures, vernaculars, authors and manuscripts.

1. Make your first round of notes to yourself rather than on the manuscript—because your notes are probably questions arising from your outsider status and your own gaps of knowledge.
2. Immerse yourself in Indigenous-led cultural environments—festivals, public talks, theatre and celebrations—to learn something of the broader cultural context your formal learning may have left absent.
3. Do desktop research on basic facts of history that your formal learning may also have left absent.
4. Read widely, including of diverse genres and of Indigenous-authored works.
5. Ask questions of the author, but avoid interrogations. Contextualise your questions with reference to what you think you understand and what you don’t understand—do the work to decentre your dominant cultural position and allow the text to work you and work on you.
6. Acknowledge your role as a ‘first reader’, but avoid centring yourself as a proxy for a mainstream readership who you say won’t understand Indigenous voice. What is the point of publishing Indigenous authors, if not for our unique Indigenous voices?

How Indigenous editors can make a book better

What about the rarer case of an Indigenous editor and non-Indigenous author? When I first sat down as a trainee editor at Magabala Books, that was me.

I was reading a manuscript that should have worked for me: a synthesis of oral and archival history collaborated between an Aboriginal story custodian and a white historian. It was a dramatic retelling of an Aboriginal resistance history and its key fighter. Jandamarra and the Bunuba Resistance had all the things I loved to read about.

But something wasn’t sitting right. Instead of swinging into the text with the proofreading symbols I was eagerly learning, I sat with that manuscript and I started identifying where I was uncomfortable: citing pages and phrases and crafting corresponding questions. A lot of questions—paragraph by paragraph, chapter by chapter. I had so many questions, I produced a separate report. From my perspective, the manuscript read as being apologist for colonist views.

My persistence was rewarded with a stunning authorial rewrite—and the book then won the Historical and Critical Studies Award in the 1996 WA Premier’s Literary Awards. While the Magabala Books website now records the book as ‘sold out’, my PhD research found that 15 years after first publication, the book was still in print and being sold by tourist operators as a way for travellers to better understand the Kimberley region. I was, at the time of first publication, pretty chuffed with the author’s acknowledgement of my mediated interventions:

When the manuscript appeared ready for print a new editor gave it a rigorous final critique. Sandra Phillips seemed to know exactly the questions to ask. As a result the manuscript was refined to the point where I am happy for its release.

According to journalist and author George Megalogenis, Australia has made history as the first English-speaking nation to become a majority migrant nation. He sees urgent need for a ‘unifying story for the 21st century’, which might be found in the Indigenous ‘roots of our family tree’. While some Indigenous people might argue that all non-Indigenous people are migrants, it is worth reflecting on this.

What is our ‘unifying story’? We are a long way from a national literature overflowing with stories from Indigenous writers, storytellers, creatives and communities. A national literature thus overflowing may not bring about a story that unifies but it could reveal a modern nation-state much more at ease with Indigenous voice—an eradication of vox nullius to accompany the eradication of terra nullius.

Sandra Phillips is associate dean (Indigenous engagement) in the faculty of humanities and social sciences at the University of Queensland. This is an edited extract of an essay first published by the Conversation. Read the full article here.

Category: Features